An outbreak refers to the sudden increase in occurrences of a disease in a specific location, while a pandemic is a type of outbreak that spreads over a wide geographic area and affects a significant portion of the population. These events are characterized by their rapid spread and potential to cause widespread health challenges. The study of outbreaks and pandemics involves understanding disease transmission, infection control, and public health responses.

Despite their devastating impact, they also drive advancements in medical research and healthcare infrastructure. Outbreaks and pandemics typically demand coordinated responses at local, national, and global levels, highlighting the interconnectedness of modern societies.