Mountain or Alpine animals refer to species adapted to life at high altitudes, typically in mountainous regions where the environment is characterized by low oxygen levels, cold temperatures, and rugged terrain. These animals have evolved specialized adaptations such as thicker fur or feathers for insulation, enhanced lung capacity for efficient breathing in thin air, and robust limbs for navigating steep slopes. Examples include the snow leopard, mountain goat, and Andean condor. Their habitats range from the Rockies and the Andes to the Himalayas and beyond, covering diverse ecosystems from alpine meadows to rocky crags. The evolutionary history of these animals often involves isolation and adaptation to extreme conditions, resulting in unique species perfectly attuned to their challenging environments.

Mountain animals boast anatomies finely tuned for survival in rugged terrain. Thick fur or plumage provides insulation against harsh cold, while specialized lungs allow efficient breathing in thin mountain air. Many have sturdy limbs and hooves or paws designed for climbing steep slopes and navigating rocky surfaces. Some species, like mountain goats, have incredible balance and agility. Predators such as snow leopards possess acute senses and stealthy movements for hunting. Vocalizations vary widely, from the piercing cries of eagles to the bleats of ungulates, aiding in communication across vast, open landscapes. These adaptations collectively enable mountain animals to thrive in their elevated homes.

Humans have a complex relationship with mountain animals. Historically, communities living in or near mountains have depended on these animals for food, clothing, and materials. In many cultures, mountain animals hold symbolic significance and appear in folklore and myths, like the majestic eagle in Native American stories or the yeti in Himalayan lore. Modern pop culture often depicts them in documentaries and films, highlighting their beauty and the challenges they face.

Conservation efforts are crucial for mountain animals, as they face threats from habitat destruction, climate change, and poaching. Organizations and governments work to protect these species and their habitats through reserves, legislation, and awareness campaigns.